چکیده (انگلیسی):

Beginning from the second half of the ХХ century, the sociological approaches have been predominant in studying the issues concerning historiography of science; at the same time, the positions of rational philosophy have considerably weakened. The purpose of this article is to develop an alternative approach to the science historiography based on the assumption of perceptual activity. The active approach presupposes a close connection between the rational and the empirical cognitions that allows developing a new method of description of the scientific history. In the foundation of the approach being developed, there is an assumption about a certain perceptual expectation that plays an important role both in perception and rational interpretation of what has been observed. This new view on the relations between scientific theory and experiment allows revealing a larger variety of the occasions of such relations which turn out to be missed under other approaches to the history of science.