چکیده (انگلیسی):

Encouraging and supporting essential learning outcomes, a foundation for further developing the skills, competencies, and
dispositions in youth, required approaches that addressed the several of factors. What factors and mechanisms had contributed to
essential learning outcomes for each student groups who had different backgrounds? This study examined the effectiveness of the
secondary education, attitude toward life, effect to essential learning outcomes among a sample of U.S. youth who grow up in
urban as compared to non-urban groups. Data came from Monitoring the Future, nationally representative survey of 12th grade
student in the 2013. We used mediation analysis to test whether the effect of the secondary education on essential learning
outcomes mediated by the attitude toward life of students and perform measurement invariance across different groups. The
results empirically supported that education effected on both attitude toward life and essential learning outcomes, relationship
between attitude toward life and essential learning outcomes, the effects of education on essential learning outcomes were partial
mediated by the attitude toward life of students, and configural invariance between groups. In order to achieve the essential
learning outcome, there were different aspects or factors needed for different group of students. For urban students, the education
was the most important. But for non-urban students, the attitude played more a crucial role.