چکیده (انگلیسی):

Bidirectional overlap has long been described between obsessive–compulsive disorder
(OCD) and tic disorders. Similar features, including underlying neurobiological genesis in
frontal-striatal circuitry, familiality, relatively early onset, waxing and waning course, and
overlapping phenomenology in repetitive behaviors, suggest different variations of the
same disorder. Nevertheless, some differences have been described between OCD and tic
disorders: tics begin early in childhood and typically attenuate or remit by late adolescence,
whereas OCD tends to onset later and persist, and tic disorders are far more common
in males than is the case in OCD. Individuals with OCD plus comorbid tics may represent a
specific sub-type of OCD or tic disorders, and possess some important phenomenological
differences from those with OCD without tics; for example, tic-related OCD tends to have
earlier onset, higher prevalence in males, prominent symmetry, evening-up, counting, and
Bjust-right^ phenomenology, when compared with non-tic-related OCD. Recent DSM-5
classification changes now recognize presence of tics as a specifier in diagnosis of OCD;
despite a 40 % prevalence rate of comorbid tics in childhood-onset OCD, there is still little
data regarding risk factors, validated distinguishing features, course and treatment of this
diagnostic group. Prominence of premonitory sensory phenomena, urges or sensations
experienced prior to the repetitive behaviors, is no longer thought to distinguish complex
motor tics from compulsions. Well established treatments of OCD include cognitive
behavioral interventions and pharmacotherapy, specifically the serotonin re-uptake
inhibitors (SRIs); although these treatments are also beneficial in tic-related OCD, some
studies suggest that at least for pharmacotherapy, SRIs may not be as effective in OCD
patients with comorbid tics. Given the frequent overlap of OCD and tics, and the recent
designation of tic-related OCD as an OCD specifier, more investigation of the comorbid
subtype is clearly needed