چکیده (انگلیسی):

We report on two studies investigating the motivations (“in group love” and “out group hate”) underlying individual participation in intergroup conflict between natural groups (fans of football clubs, supporters of political parties), by employing the Intergroup Prisoner's Dilemma Maximizing-Difference (IPD-MD) game. In this game group members can contribute to the in group (at a personal cost) and benefit in group members with or without harming members of an out group. Additionally, we devised a novel version of the IPD-MD in which the choice is between benefiting in group members with or without helping members of the out group. Our results show an overall reluctance to display out group hate by actively harming out group members, except when the out group was morality-based. More enmity between groups induced more out group hate only when it was operationalized as refraining from help.